Replacing Shoe Sole And Heels
This was a common practice until about 30 years ago. Many shops, the kind that sell laces and cut keys, also sold sole-and-heel kits with a bottle of rubber glue and a roughening tool. The custom died out when mass produced sneakers were adopted for daily wear by adults instead of just for sports, as well as by the introduction of unresoleable casual and dress shoes/boots.
Correction: this skill is still highly prized in Third World countries...
Correction 2: Still used in the US for more expensive dress shoes. Also for western and motorcycle boots. Cobblers still exist in this country, just not in the amounts they used to.